Writing Boots

On communication, professional and otherwise.

Sharing Information with Employees: A historical analysis

04.22.2009 by David Murray // 42 Comments

Books When in 1992 I moved abruptly from writing poetry about the meaning of life in college to writing prose about the practice of employee communication in Chicago, Hugh Iglarsh eased the transition. He was the editor of The Ragan Report and my boss, and he didn't think having intellectual aspirations and working in the employee communication trade press were mutually exclusive. So he and I explored this business pretty earnestly together for a year, and we've remained friends since. So last week I was tickled to alert Hugh to this series I'm doing on this old book I discovered. Here was his response, delivered to me with astonishing speed, and putting Alexander Heron's book into an important historical perspective that my analysis ignores. Thanks, Hugh. โ€”DM

Very interesting both in its assumptions (e.g., that employersโ€”and by extension, capitalism itselfโ€”are fighting for the allegiance of their workforce against strong opponents) and its limitations (I haven't seen a mention of the concept of "upward communication," i.e., communication). It has a distinct New Deal sound to itโ€”that the basic institutions are at risk, and can only be salvaged if the working class gets a bigger slice of the pieโ€”in terms not only of wealth, but also information and the implications of information, participation and dignity. Now that we are coming out of an age of neoliberal triumph, in which supposedly there was "No Alternative" to the rigors of globalization, Heron does indeed seem relevant again. The collapse of the economy shows that a system that revolves around paper wealth and ignores basic human needs can't sustain itself.

The book reflects a historical moment. To defeat fascism, the USA had to produce 100,000 airplanes a year. The workers' productivity was as important as the soldiers' courage. Yet the intense labor struggles and radical consciousness of the Depression years were still very much in workers' minds. The result was a liberal industrial policy, in which classical capitalism, with its naked exploitation and resultant class conflict, would be transformed by broad-minded intellectuals (such as Heron) into a kind of social or high-road capitalism, where workers were (at least rhetorically) conceptualized not as pure costs but as sentient human beings. The bosses were grudgingly willing to accept this arrangementโ€”temporarily โ€”because the alternative was losing the war and hence the whole American empire.

The New Deal vision is a better arrangement for everybodyโ€”but the forces of bean-counting abstraction have proved stronger than the counter-forces. Ultimately, the strategy became de-industrialization, creating a society in which people either shuffle money, move information or paint nails. All to maximize short-term profits within hollowed-out, downward-spiraling corporations and to pre-empt working-class power, by turning producers into credit-hobbled consumers. But it doesn't create real wealthโ€”in fact it drains wealth out of productive enterprises into usuryโ€”and we see the long-term consequences.

I certainly hope that the crash of 2008 leads to a deep rethinking of what an economy is and what human beings are for. However, both the industrial plant and the local economies are weaker now than they were in 1943, and the New Deal solution of economic stimulus and revamped industrial relations is unlikely to produce the same results. One response to an economic-political crisis of this sort is fascism, the tendency of the Bush/Cheney administration. The other is a movement toward humane socialismโ€”i.e., a broadening of the commons, a strengthening of the social fabric and a rejection of greed as the dominant impulse in life.

Anyway, what interests me about this bookโ€”even more than the employee relations angleโ€”is Heron's take on the media. His categories of "reluctant" willingness (comparable to what the CIA calls "limited hangout"), "paternalistic" willingness and "propagandist" willingness perfectly describe the attitudes and purposes of the MSM. Heron's essay opened my eyes to the reality of the corporate media as a kind of house organ โ€” one less enlightened than the communication vehicles advocated by Heron.

As for Heron's central creed:

"The aggressive willingness to share information with employees is practical because, honestly and wisely followed through, it will induce a constructive co-operation which cannot be bought or forced."

Well, that's saying a lot. What's even more important is an aggressive willingness to listen to employees. Workers will feel like partners when they have real input, when their safety is considered, when they feel secure and respected, when their bosses aren't making more in a day than they are in a year, when the company is concerned with quality and not just profits, when the tone of the enterprise is communal and not sociopathic, etc. Certainly communication is a good start in treating employees like people. But when you begin a conversation you don't know where it will goโ€”that's the whole pointโ€”and I wish Heron would focus not just on divulging information but on obtaining it. By writing only from the point of view of the bosses (as far as I can tell, from what I've read here), he reveals his own standpoint of enlightened elitism.

Anyway, thanks for posting these excerptsโ€”they're useful advice for those in the trade, as well as wonderful historical documents. I look forward to seeing more of Heron's wisdom and your commentary.

Categories // Communication Philosophy

Comments

  1. Yossi Mandel says

    April 22, 2009 at 1:36 pm

    Incredibly insightful analysis of Heron, in light of this particular speech of his: http://www.ndu.edu/library/ic2/L54-024.pdf where he speaks of consumerism. Hard to make a specific connection until you read further.

    Reply
  2. Ron Shewchuk says

    April 23, 2009 at 11:48 pm

    This is fascinating. David, thanks for showcasing Hughโ€™s superb commentary, which puts Heronโ€™s world view in a whole new light. And thanks also to Yossi for digging up another little piece of Heron history. Reading his speech, with its typewritten text, brings one back to that era. I could smell the Mennen Skin Bracer and see the neatly trimmed sideburns on these men and hear the gravel in their voices.
    But down to the content. Thereโ€™s truth in Hughโ€™s observation that, for all his humanist rhetoric, Heron is very much a product of his age, which was built on an extremely paternalistic, hierarchical model in which management decided what was good for employees. But perhaps it wasnโ€™t as one-sided as it seems. Although there may not have been a lot of two-way conversations between workers and their bosses on the shop floor, the extremely strong industrial unions of that time would have probably been in constant conversation with management. And in situations where there was decent leadership on both sides, workersโ€™ grievances โ€” and maybe even some of their ideas โ€” would have been heard and constructive dialogue would have taken place.
    Today the opportunity is to have conversations with individuals and even whole communities without having to have intermediaries.

    Reply
  3. David Murray says

    May 4, 2009 at 10:22 pm

    โ€œIt seems to meโ€“this is sheer speculationโ€“that many of our most important relationships have not completely evolved yet from the tradition in which they started. โ€ฆ
    โ€œThe relationship between employer and employee, if we trace it back far enough, was the relationship bet~Teen the master and the slave. The master supported the slave; the slave was there for the master. The fact of the matter is that gradually the slave passed out of the picture and employment took his place. โ€ฆ I do know this for sure: There is inherent in the relationship between employers and employees something that must have derived from that tradition of centuries past when the relationship was one of
    conflict, one of exploitation, one of conquest, one in which the worker was subordinate not only to the will but to the needs of the master. โ€ฆ
    โ€œWe are pretty well off in our company, in our industry, but if you were to ask all the employees in the pulp and paper industry in the United States what they think about employers, they would say, โ€˜Theyโ€™re so and so,s.โ€™ If you ask them, โ€˜What has your employer done that makes you think that?โ€™ they will say, โ€˜Not our employer, but big
    business; theyโ€™re bad people.โ€™
    โ€œThere is a sense of conflict that exists, at least abstractly, between those who work for wages and salaries and those who hire them
    and pay their salaries. The job of understanding that will make our
    economic machine operate successfully, continuously, and smoothly is the job of getting past that inherited sense of conflict, that inherited sense of being the modern counterpart of the ancient slave, and perhaps the even more prevalent carry-over from the ancient tradition ofโ€™being the modern counterpart of the ancient slave owner.โ€
    Yossi, itโ€™s taken me until now to read this, and appreciate itโ€“and to thank you for digging it up.
    David

    Reply
  4. Geoff Alexander says

    July 22, 2009 at 1:13 am

    Hi David, I just found this thread today, several months after your posts. Iโ€™m not sure if you found out much about him, but Crown Zellerbach was the company with which heโ€™s probably best associated. My mom (92 years old now) was his Executive Secretary.

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    Inne definicje zarzadzania:
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    1 Sprawa zarzadzania
    2 Przedmiot zarzadzania w organizacjach
    3 Administracja operacyjne โ€“ administracja czynnikami konkurencyjnosci
    4 Inne podmioty zarzadzania
    5 Teoretycy zarzadzania
    6 Zobacz tez
    7 Linki zewnetrzne
    Przedmiot zarzadzania
    Podmiot zarzadzajacy nie furt jest tym, jaki wyznacza cele. Przykladem takiej sytuacji byc moze znajdowac sie zrzeszenie wojskowa, ktรณra ma do spelnienia okreslona misje, ale ani plec slaba sama, ani jej dowรณdcy (podmioty zarzadzajace) nie formuluja tej misji. Formuluja jednakze zadania (co jest az do zrobienia) i okreslaja wartosci docelowe (ang. targets), inaczej wyniki, jakie powinno sie dostac. Przyklad ten pokazuje, ze organizacja jest srodkiem osiagania celรณw, a wskutek tego jest przedmiotem zarzadzania. Inne typowe przedmioty zarzadzania majace tozsamosc owo domostwo, kapela ludzi, jednostka. Zwykle wypelniaja one klasyczne funkcje zarzadzania, dlatego โ€“ nie liczac wyjatki โ€“ powiemy, ze zagadnienie zarzadzania majacy tozsamosc jest na pelnia podmiotem zarzadzania.
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    zarzadzanie czasem,
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    zarzadzanie wiedza,
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    zarzadzanie kultura
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    zarzadzanie jakoscia,
    zarzadzanie ryzykiem,
    zarzadzanie emocjami,
    zarzadzanie nieruchomosciami,
    zarzadzanie wartoscia firmy โ€“ Value Based Management.
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    Przedmiotem zarzadzania ogรณlnego (ang. General Management) jest organizacja w charakterze calosc. Az do zadan zarzadzania ogรณlnego powinno sie kierowanie strategiczne, budowanie struktur organizacyjnych zas zarzadzanie zasobami ludzkimi natomiast aktywami. Nie zwazajac na tego w nowym paradygmacie zarzadzania kladzie sie obszerny emfaza na przywรณdztwo zas ksztaltowanie kultury korporacyjnej.
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    Przechodzenie z zarzadzania funkcjonalnego na zarzadzanie procesowe jest zjawiskiem charakterystycznym w celu wspomnianej zmiany paradygmatu zarzadzania. W tym nowym paradygmacie kierowanie operacjami jest dozwolone dotyczyc jak zarzadzanie czynnikami konkurencyjnosci.
    Zarzadzanie operacyjne โ€“ administracja czynnikami konkurencyjnosci
    Wyrรณznia sie trzy klasyczne czynniki konkurencyjnosci: forma, wartosc a roznoszenie. Zapewnienie wymaganej przy uzyciu gielda jakosci produktu (wyrobu wzglednie uslugi czy tez pakietu produkty+uslugi), kosztu nabycia i uzytkowania produktu zas wymaganej ilosci, rรณznorodnosci, terminowosci dostaw produktu natomiast szybkosci realizacji zamรณwien decyduje o konkurencyjnosci produktu, czyli o jego atrakcyjnosci rynkowej w porรณwnaniu sposrรณd innymi produktami. Pomijajac czynnikรณw klasycznych duzego znaczenia nabieraja w ostatnim czasie takie czynniki, podczas gdy bieglosc obslugi klientรณw (ang. Customer Service) i cechy jakosci wykraczajace nie mรณwiac o forma konstrukcji natomiast wykonania, np. ekologicznosc zas obronnosc produktu a procesu produkcji.
    Zapewnienie jakosci na podejscie sztampowy jest zadaniem kontroli jakosci. Dogladanie jakosci jest funkcja organizacyjna. Kontrola jakosci wykonuje swoje misja w รณw tryb, iz sposrรณd wytworzonych produktรณw wybiera produkty spelniajace wymagania tudziez kwalifikuje je w charakterze nadajace sie az do przekazania klientowi zewnetrznemu albo wewnetrznemu. Produkty nie spelniajace wymagan zostaja odrzucone z wykorzystaniem kontrole jakosci natomiast kierowane do poprawek, az do naprawy albo do zlomowania.
    Zapewnienie jakosci na podejscie dzisiejszy (w nowym paradygmacie zarzadzania) polega na zapewnieniu doskonalosci procesu wytwarzania i dostarczania. Podstawa takiego postepowania jest asercja, iz jezeli praca na kazdym etapie procesu jest wysokiej jakosci, owo na wyjsciu procesu powstaje produkt wysokiej jakosci. W praktyce parametry charakteryzujace stan produktu musza miescic sie w okreslonych oraz waskich granicach. O ile wlasciwie jest, mรณwi sie, ze tok jest stabilny. Gdy tymczasem zostanie stwierdzone, iz blizej nie okreslony sposrรณd parametrรณw jakosci produktu nie miesci sie w zadanych granicach, wypada poszukac w procesie miejsc, ktรณre sa przyczyna defektu, natomiast od tego czasu odwolac owe przyczyny. W รณw metoda realizowane jest sprzezenie zwrotne pomiedzy wyjsciem procesu, zas miejscami w procesie decydujacymi o jego doskonalosci.
    Opisany modus sterowania procesem jest istota Kompleksowego Systemu Sterowania dzieki Jakosc โ€“ (ang. TQC โ€“ Total Quality Control). W praktyce olbrzymia wiekszosc procesรณw to procesy nieciagle. W takich procesach takze przetwarzanie, kiedy tudziez forma produktu na wyjsciu maja nature statystyczna. W odniesieniu az do takich przypadkรณw zas w odniesieniu az do procesรณw biznesowych mรณwimy o statystycznym sterowaniu procesami (ang. SPC โ€“ Statistical Process Control).
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    Gospodarka przyswajajaca (zbieractwo, myslistwo, lowienie ryb, pierwotne rolnictwo) wykorzystuje ograniczone zasoby naturalne, w zwiazku z tym jej celem jest nie lecz akwizycja oraz wykorzystanie tych zasobรณw, jednakze dodatkowo ich oslona. Wystepuja po tej stronie ale wrecz niektรณre, niezbedne elementy zarzadzania, podczas gdy rozlam pracy, programowanie robรณt gospodarskich a koordynowanie ich oraz proste czynnosci administracyjne, podczas gdy rejestracja inwentarza.
    W gospodarce pierwotnej (samowystarczalnej) rรณwnie gdy w gospodarce przyswajajacej tudziez w wielu formach gospodarki kolektywnej (np. zagospodarowanie dzialรณw wodnych, system ekonomiczny lesna) utwรณr na suma nie ma ustalonej ceny, ergo nie musi przebiegac po tej stronie w ogรณle zarzadzanie finansowe. Nie wystepuje po tej stronie kierowanie strategiczne, natomiast administracja operacyjne ogranicza sie az do organizacji pracy.
    W gospodarstwach rolnych a w najprostszych formach dzialalnosci gospodarczej, podczas gdy blahy wymiana handlowa, uslugi i praca (rzemioslo) wystepuja elementy strategii a zarzadzania zasobami (poniewaz wystepuje substytucja pracy, kapitalu natomiast energii), administracja jakoscia zas zrzeszenie pracy. Kategoria wynikowa jest tedy profit badz zarobek, wystepuje tedy kierowanie zakupami, niemniej jednak nie wystepuje kierowanie kosztami.
    W gospodarstwach domowych podstawowym zagadnieniem zarzadzania jest zarezerwowanie dochodu oraz dysponowanych zasobรณw pracy oraz czasu posrodku konsumpcje biezaca (w tym wolne, laba zas rozrywka), oszczednosci i inwestycje w czas przyszly (np. edukacje).
    Szczegรณlna dziedzina zarzadzania jest zarzadzanie osobiste, ktรณrego podmiotem jest jednostka, natomiast przedmiotem na wszystko jej budzet czasu. Kierowanie niekiedy wewnatrz artykul wyjscia bierze uswiadomienie sobie za posrednictwem jednostke hierarchii wartosci dotyczacej tego, co jest gwoli niej wazne w jej zyciu. Celem jest racjonalne gospodarowanie nieraz, tzn. alokowanie go wg priorytetรณw wynikajacych z owej refleksji. Bieglosc zarzadzania czasem bywa i istotnym atutem pracownika w organizacji.
    Inna szczegรณlna dziedzina zarzadzania sa sytuacje szczegรณlne; wyrรณznia sie na przyklad kierowanie katastrofami, kierowanie konfliktami, administracja kryzysowe.
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    ะžะฝะฐ ะฝะต ะฟั€ะพัั‚ะพ ะฟั€ะธะฝะธะผะฐะปะฐ ะณะพั€ัั‡ัƒัŽ ะฒะฐะฝะฝัƒ ะฐ ะดะตะปะฐะปะฐ ัั‚ะพ ั‚ะฐะบ ะบะฐะบ ะฑัƒะดั‚ะพ ะตะต ั‚ะตะปะพ ะฝะต ะทะฝะฐะปะพ ะปะฐัะบ ัƒะถะต ะพั‡ะตะฝัŒ ะดะฐะฒะฝะพ. ะ”ะตะฒัƒัˆะบะฐ ะปะฐัะบะพะฒะพ ะฝะตะถะธะปะฐ ั‚ะตะปัŒั†ะต ะผะพั‡ะฐะปะบะพะน ะธ ั€ัƒั‡ะพะฝะบะฐะผะธ. ะšัั‚ะฐั‚ะธ ั€ะตะดะบะพ ั‚ะฐะบะพะต ะฒะธะดะตะพ ะฝะฐะนะดะตัˆัŒ ั ะฑะตัะฟะปะฐั‚ะฝะพะต ะฟะพั€ะฝะพ ั‚ะพะปัั‚ั‹ะต ะŸะพัะปะต ัƒั‚ะพะผะธั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะพะณะพ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‡ะตะณะพ ะดะฝั, ะฝะฐั‡ะฐะปัŒะฝะธะบ ะทะฐัˆะตะป ะบ ัะตะบััƒะฐะปัŒะฝะพะน ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฝะธั†ะต ะธ ะฝะฐะบะฐะทะฐะป ะตะต ะฟั€ัะผะพ ะฝะฐ ัั‚ะพะปะต. ะฃ ะผะฐะดะฐะผ ัั‚ะพ ัƒะถะต ะฝะต ะฟะตั€ะฒั‹ะน ะพะฟั‹ั‚ ะฟะพั‚ั€ะฐั…ะฐั‚ัŒัั ะฝะฐ ัั‚ะพะปะต ะธ ะพะฝะฐ ะดะพะปะณะพ ะฝะต ัะพะฟั€ะพั‚ะธะฒะปัะปะฐััŒ. ะžั‚ั‚ะฐะฝั†ะตะฒะฐะฒ ะฟะตั€ะตะด ะผะฐั‚ะตั€ั‹ะผ ะผะฐั‡ะพ ะฟะฐั€ะพั‡ะบัƒ ั‚ะฐะฝั†ะตะฒ ั€ั‹ะถะตะฝัŒะบะฐั ะบั€ะฐัะฐะฒะธั†ะฐ ะฟั€ะธัั‚ัƒะฟะฐะตั‚ ะบ ั€ะฐััั‚ะตะณะธะฒะฐะฝะธัŽ ะฟัƒะณะพะฒะธั† ะฝะฐ ะตะณะพ ั€ัƒะฑะฐัˆะบะต, ะฝัƒ ะฐ ะดะฐะปะตะต ะฟะฐั€ะตะฝัŒ ะฒะทัะป ะดะตะปะพ ะฒ ัะฒะพะธ ั€ัƒะบะธ ะธ ัะดะตะปะฐะป ะผะธะปะฐัˆะบัƒ. ะŸะพะปะฝะพัั‚ัŒัŽ ั€ะฐััˆะธั€ะตะฝะฝั‹ะต ัั‚ะตะฝะบะธ ะตะต ะฒะปะฐะณะฐะปะธั‰ะฐ ะฑั‹ะปะธ ะฟะพะปะฝะพัั‚ัŒัŽ ั€ะฐััะปะฐะฑะปะตะฝั‹ ะธ ะณะพั‚ะพะฒั‹ ะดะปั ั‚ะพะณะพ ั‡ั‚ะพ ะฑั‹ ะฒ ะฝะธะท ะฒะพัˆะตะป ะดะปะธะฝะฝั‹ะน ะธ ัƒะฟั€ัะผั‹ะน ั‡ะปะตะฝ, ะฝะพ ะฝะตั‚ ะฒ ะฝะฐั‡ะฐะปะต ะดะตะฒะบัƒ ั‚ั€ะฐั…ะฝัƒะปะธ ะฒ ะทะฐะด ะธ ั‚ะพะปัŒะบะพ ะฟะพั‚ะพะผ ะดะฒะฐ ัั‚ะฒะพ ะ”ะพะปะปะธ ะฟั€ะธะฒะปะตะบะฐั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะฐั ะธ ะทะฐะผะตั‡ะฐั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะฐั ะดะตะฒะพั‡ะบะฐ ะบะพั‚ะพั€ะฐั ะปัŽะฑะธั‚ ะผะฐัั‚ัƒั€ะฑะธั€ะพะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ะธ ะบะพะณะดะฐ ัั‚ะพ ะดะตะนัั‚ะฒะธะต ัะฝะธะผะฐะตั‚ ะฝะฐ ะฒะธะดะตะพะบะฐะผะตั€ัƒ ะตะต ะดั€ัƒะถะพั‡ะตะบ, ะธ ะฒะพั‚ ะฟะพะปัƒั‡ะธะปะฐััŒ ะฝะต ะฟะปะพั…ะฐั ะฟะพะดะฑะพั€ะพั‡ะบะฐ ะธั… ะตะต ัะฐะผะพัƒะดะพะฒะปะตั‚ะฒะพั€ ะฃัั‚ั€ะพะธะฒัˆะธััŒ ัƒะดะพะฑะฝะพ ะฝะฐ ะบั€ะพะฒะฐั‚ะบะต ะฝะฐัˆะฐ ะšะตะปะปะธ ะทะฐะฟัƒัะบะฐะตั‚ ั€ัƒั‡ะบัƒ ะฒ ะผะพะบั€ั‹ะต ะพั‚ ะฒะพะทะฑัƒะถะดะตะฝะธั ั‚ั€ัƒัะธัˆะบะธ ะธ ะพั‡ะตะฝัŒ ั…ะพั€ะพัˆะพ ะดะพะฒะพะดะธั‚ ัะตะฑั ะดะพ ัะฐะผะพัƒะดะพะฒะปะตั‚ะฒะพั€ะตะฝะธั ะผะฐั‚ะตั€ะพะน ั€ัƒั‡ะพะฝะบะพะน ะธ ัˆะฐะปะพะฒะปะธะฒั‹ะผะธ ะฟะฐะปัŒั‡ะธะบะฐะผะธ. ะŸะฐั€ะตะฝัŒ ัƒะถะต ะฝะต ะฟะตั€ะฒั‹ะน ั€ะฐะท ะฟั€ะพัะธั‚ ัะฒะพัŽ ะดะฐะปัŒะฝัŽัŽ ะปัŽะฑะธะผัƒัŽ ะฟะพะบะฐะทะฐั‚ัŒ ะตะผัƒ ัะฒะพะต ะผะพะปะพะดะตะฝัŒะบะพะต ะพั‡ะบะพ ะธ ะพะฝะฐ ะตัั‚ะตัั‚ะฒะตะฝะฝะพ ะฑะตะท ะผะฐะปะตะนัˆะตะน ะพะฟะฐัะบะธ ั€ะฐะทะดะตะฒะฐะตั‚ัั ะธ ะฟะพะบะฐะทั‹ะฒะฐะตั‚ ะตะผัƒ ะฒัะต ั‡ะตะณะพ ะพะฝ ั‚ะพะปัŒะบะพ ะฟะพะฟั€ะพัะธั‚, ะบั‚ะพ ะถ ะ”ะฒะต ะฑะปะพะฝะดะธะฝะบะธ ะปะตัะฑะธัะฝะบะธ ะทะฐัะตะปะธ ะฒ ัั‚ะพะปะพะฒะพะน ะฝะฐ ะฟะตั€ะตะผะต ะธ ะฟะพะบะฐ ะฝะต ะฟั€ะพะทะฒะตะฝะตะป ะทะฒะพะฝะพะบ ะพะดะฝะฐ ะธะท ัั‚ัƒะดะตะฝั‚ะพะบ ัƒัะตะปะฐััŒ ะฝะฐ ัั‚ะพะป ะธ ั€ะฐะทะดะฒะธะฝัƒะปะฐ ะฝะพะถะบะธ, ะตะต ะฟะพะดั€ัƒะณะฐ ะฟั€ะธัั‚ะฐะปัŒะฝะพ ะฝะฐะฑะปัŽะดะฐะปะฐ ะบะฐะบ ั‚ะฐ ะผะฐัั‚ัƒั€ะฑะธั€ัƒะตั‚ ะบะปะธั‚ะพ
    ะะต ั‚ะพะปัŒะบะพ ะฟั€ะพัั‚ะธั‚ัƒั‚ะบะธ ะตัั‚ัŒ ะฒ ะฝะฐัˆะตะผ ะฒะตัะตะปะพะผ ะผะธั€ะต ะฝะพ ะธ ะดะพะฑะปะตัั‚ะฝั‹ะต ะฟั€ะพัั‚ะธั‚ัƒั‚ั‹ ั‚ะพะถะต ะธะผะตัŽั‚ัั. ะ’ะพั‚ ะพะดะฝะพะณะพ ะธะท ะฝะธั… ัั‚ะฐ ัะธะผะฟะฐั‚ะธั‡ะฝะฐั ะผะฐะผะฐัˆะฐ ัะฝัะปะฐ ะทะฐ ะพั‡ะตะฝัŒ ะบั€ัƒะฟะฝัƒัŽ ััƒะผะผัƒ, ะบะฐะบ ะพะฝ ะธัะฟะพะปะฝะธะป ัะฒะพัŽ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ัƒ ััƒ ะฑะตัะฟะปะฐั‚ะฝั‹ะต ะดะปะธะฝะฝั‹ะต ะณะตะน ั€ะพะปะธะบะธ ะŸะฐั†ะฐะฝ ะฟั€ะธะฒะตะป ะบ ัะตะฑะต ะดะพะผะพะน ัะฒะพัŽ ัะตะบััƒะฐะปัŒะฝัƒัŽ ะฟะพะดั€ัƒะถะบัƒ, ั‡ั‚ะพะฑั‹ ะพั‚ะพะดั€ะฐั‚ัŒ ะตะต, ะพะฝ ะฝะฐั‡ะฐะป ะณะปะฐะดะธั‚ัŒ ะตะต ะบะธัะบัƒ ะฟะพะฒะตั€ั… ั‚ั€ัƒัะธะบะพะฒ. ะŸะพั‚ะพะผ ะดะตะฒัƒัˆะบะฐ ะฒะทัะปะฐ ะฟะตะฝะธั ะฟะฐั€ะตะฝัŒะบัƒ ะฒ ั€ะพั‚ะธะบ ะธ ะฝะฐั‡ะฐะปะฐ ะพั‚ัะฐัั‹ะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ะตะณะพ. ะ ะฟะพัะปะต ะะฐ ั‡ั‚ะพ ั‚ะพะปัŒะบะพ ะฝะต ะธะดัƒั‚ ัะผะฐะทะปะธะฒั‹ะต ัะตะบัะธ ัั‚ัƒะดะตะฝั‚ะบะธ ั€ะฐะดะธ ะฟะพะปัƒั‡ะตะฝะธั ั…ะพั€ะพัˆะตะน ะพั†ะตะฝะบะธ. ะ’ะพั‚ ะตั‰ะต ะพะดะธะฝ ะฟั€ะธะผะตั€ ะบะฐะบ ัะตะบััƒะฐะปัŒะฝะฐั ัั‚ัƒะดะตะฝั‚ะบะฐ ะะธะบะฐ ัะพัะตั‚ ัƒ ะฟั€ะฟะตะฟะพะดะฐะฒะฐั‚ะตะปั ั‡ะปะตะฝ, ะฐ ะทะฐั‚ะตะผ ะฟะพะดัั‚ะฐะฒะปัะตั‚ ัะฒะพัŽ ะตะทะตะฝัŒะบ ะกะตะบััƒะฐะปัŒะฝะฐั ะฑั€ัŽะฝะตั‚ะบะฐ ะฝะฐั‡ะฐะปะฐ ะฟั€ะธัั‚ะฐะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ะบ ัะฒะพะตะผัƒ ะฟะฐั€ะฝัŽ, ั‡ั‚ะพะฑั‹ ะพะฝ ะบะฐะบ ัะปะตะดัƒะตั‚ ะตะต ะพั‚ั‚ั€ะฐั…ะฐะป ะฒ ะฟะพะฟะบัƒ, ะพะฝะฐ ะดะฐะถะต ัะดะตะปะฐะปะฐ ะตะผัƒ ะผะธะฝะตั‚ ะบะฐะบ ะพะฝ ะธ ะปัŽะฑะธั‚, ะฝะพ ะฟั€ะตะถะดะต ั‡ะตะผ ะฒั‹ะตะฑะฐั‚ัŒ ะฟะพะดั€ัƒะณัƒ ะฒ ะทะฐะดะฝะธั†ัƒ, ะพะฝ ะพั‚ั‚ั€ะฐั… ะœัƒะถะธั‡ะพะบ ะพั‚ะดั‹ั…ะฐะฒัˆะธะน ะฒ ะขะฐะธะปะฐะฝะดะต ัะฝัะป ะพั‡ะฐั€ะพะฒะฐั‚ะตะปัŒะฝัƒัŽ ะฟั€ะพัั‚ะธั‚ัƒั‚ะพั‡ะบัƒ, ะพะฝ ะฒั‹ะปะธะทะฐะป ะตะต ะผะพะบั€ะตะฝัŒะบัƒัŽ ะบะธัะบัƒ, ะทะฐั‚ะตะผ ะพะฝะฐ ัะดะตะปะฐะปะฐ ะตะผัƒ ะฟะพั‚ั€ััะฐัŽั‰ะธะน ะผะธะฝะตั‚, ะฐ ะฟะพั‚ะพะผ ะพะฝะธ ะดะพะปะณะพ ั‚ั€ะฐั…ะฐะปะธััŒ ะžะฑะฝะฐะถะตะฝะฝะฐั ะบั€ะฐัะพั‚ะบะฐ ะปะตะถะฐะปะฐ ัƒ ะฑะฐััะตะนะฝะฐ ะธ ะณะปะฐะดะธะปะฐ ัะฒะพัŽ ะบะธัะบัƒ, ะฟะพั‚ะพะผ ัั‚ะพ ัƒะฒะธะดะตะปะธ ะดะฒะฐ ะฟะฐั€ะฝั ะธ ั€ะตัˆะธะปะธ ะฒะพัะฟะพะปัŒะทะพะฒะฐั‚ัŒัั ะผะพะผะตะฝั‚ะพะผ, ะฟะพะบะฐ ะดะตะฒัƒัˆะบะฐ ะฒะพะทะฑัƒะถะดะตะฝะฝะฐั. ะšั€ะฐัะพั‚ะบะฐ ัะดะตะปะฐะปะฐ ั€ะตะฑัั‚ะฐะผ ะผะธะฝะตั‚, ะฐ ะฟะพั‚ะพะผ ะœะพะปะพะดะตะฝัŒะบะฐั ัะตะบััƒะฐะปัŒะฝะฐั ะฑั€ัŽะฝะตั‚ะบะฐ ั€ะตัˆะธะปะฐ ะทะฐะฝัั‚ัŒัั ัะตะบัะพะผ ัะพ ัะฒะพะธะผ ะฟะฐั€ะฝะตะผ ะฟั€ะธ ัะฒะธะดะตั‚ะตะปัั…. ะกะฝะฐั‡ะฐะปะฐ ะดะตะฒัƒัˆะบะฐ ะฒะบะปัŽั‡ะธะปะฐ ัะฒะพัŽ ะฒะตะฑ-ะบะฐะผะตั€ัƒ, ะฐ ะฟะพั‚ะพะผ ะพะฝะฐ ั€ะฐะทะดะตะปะฐััŒ, ะฒะทัะปะฐ ั‡ะปะตะฝ ะฟะฐั†ะฐะฝะฐ ะฒ ั€ะพั‚ะธะบ ะธ ะฝะฐั‡ะฐะปะฐ ะตะณ ะšั€ะฐัะธะฒะฐั ะฑั€ัŽะฝะตั‚ะบะฐ ั ะฑะพะปัŒัˆะธะผะธ ัะธััŒะบะฐะผะธ ัะฝัะปะฐ ะฝะพะผะตั€ ะฒ ะณะพัั‚ะธะฝะฝะธั†ะต ั‡ั‚ะพ ะฑั‹ ะบะฐะบ ัะปะตะดัƒะตั‚ ะพั‚ั‚ั€ะฐั…ะฐั‚ัั. ะŸั€ะธะณะปะฐัะธะปะฐ ัะฒะพะตะณะพ ะปัŽะฑะพะฒะฝะธั‡ะบะฐ ะธ ะฟะพะปะธะทะฐะฒ ะตะผัƒ ะฑะพะปัŒัˆัƒัŽ ะตะปะดัƒ ะฟั€ะธะฝัะปะฐััŒ ั‚ั€ะฐั…ะฐั‚ัั ะฝะฐ ั‡ะปะตะฝะต ัะธะดั ัะฒะตั€ั…ัƒ
    ะžะณั€ะพะผะฝะพะต ะบะพะปะธั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะพ ะผัƒะถัะบะพะน ั€ะฐะดะพัั‚ะธ ะปะตั‚ะธั‚ ะฒ ั€ะพั‚ะธะบะธ ะธ ะฝะฐ ะปะธั‡ะธะบะฐ ะฝะตัะบะพะปัŒะบะธั… ะดะตะฒัƒัˆะตะบ ะดะตะฒั‡ะพะฝะบะธ ะณะปะพั‚ะฐัŽั‚ ะตะต ะธ ะฒั‹ะปะธะทั‹ะฒะฐัŽั‚. ะฑะตัะฟะปะฐั‚ะฝั‹ะต ะฟะพั€ะฝะพ ั„ะพั‚ะพ ะณะฐะปะตั€ะตะธ ะะฐ ัะฐะนั‚ะต ะฟั€ะตะดัั‚ะฐะฒะปะตะฝะพ ะฟะพั€ะฝะพ ะฒะธะดะตะพ, ะฟะพั€ะฝะพ ั€ะพะปะธะบะธ ะพะฝะปะฐะนะฝ, ะฝะฐัะปะฐะถะดะฐะนั‚ะตััŒ ะฟั€ะตะบั€ะฐัะฝั‹ะผะธ ะพั‰ัƒั‰ะตะฝะธัะผะธ ะฟั€ะธ ะฟั€ะพัะผะพั‚ั€ะต ะฟะพั€ะฝะพ ะพะฝะปะฐะนะฝ ะŸะฐั€ะฝะธัˆะบะฐ ะทะฐะฝะธะผะฐะตั‚ัั ัะตะบัะพะผ ั ะฟั€ะตะบั€ะฐัะฝะพะน ะณั€ัƒะดะฐัั‚ะพะน ั‚ะตะปะพั‡ะบะพะน, ะดะตะฒัƒัˆะบะฐ ัะฝะฐั‡ะฐะปะฐ ะฒะทัะปะฐ ะฟะตะฝะธั ะฟะฐั€ะฝั ะฒ ั€ะพั‚ะธะบ ะธ ะฝะฐั‡ะฐะปะฐ ั ะฝะฐัะปะฐะถะดะตะฝะธะตะผ ะตะณะพ ะพั‚ัะฐัั‹ะฒะฐั‚ัŒ. ะ ะฟะพั‚ะพะผ ะบั€ะฐัะพั‚ะบะฐ ะฒัั‚ะฐะปะฐ ะฒ ะฟะพะทัƒ ั€ะฐะบะพะผ, ะฐ ัะฐะผะตั† ะฟั€ ะš ะฝะตะน ะฒ ะพั„ะธั ะฒะพัˆะตะป ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฝะธะบ ะธ ัั‚ะฐะป ะฟั€ะธัั‚ะฐะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ะบ ะบั€ะฐัะพั‚ะบะต ั ัะฒะฝั‹ะผ ะถะตะปะฐะฝะธะตะผ ัะตะบัะฐ ะฝะฐ ั‡ั‚ะพ ะผะธะปะฐัˆะบะฐ ะทะฐัƒะปั‹ะฑะฐะปะฐััŒ ะฝะพ ะฒะฟะพัะปะตะดัั‚ะฒะธะธ ะดะฐะปะฐ ะฝะฐัั‹ั‚ะธะฒ ัะตะดะพะณะพ ะผัƒะถะธั‡ะบะฐ ะฒัะตะผะธ ัะฒะพะธะผะธ ะฟั€ะตะปะตัั‚ัะผะธ. ะ’ ั‚ะพ ะฒั€ะตะผั ะฟะพะบะฐ ะฟะฐั€ะตะฝะตะบ ะพั‚ ะดัƒัˆะธ ะฝะฐะดั€ะฐั‡ะธะฒะฐะตั‚ ะตะณะพ ัƒะดะธะฒะปะตะฝะฝะฐั ะดะตะฒะบะฐ ะฒ ัˆะพะบะต ัะผะพั‚ั€ะธั‚ ะฝะฐ ะฟั€ะพะธัั…ะพะดัั‰ะตะต. ะ“ะพั€ัั‡ะธะต ัะฐะผะพั‡ะบะธ ัะพะฑั€ะฐะปะธััŒ ะฒ ะฟะพะบัƒะฟะฐั‚ัŒัั ะฒ ัะฐัƒะฝัƒ, ะฝะพ ะธะผ ะฟะพะผะตัˆะฐะปะฐ ะฟะพั…ะพั‚ัŒ. ะกัƒั‡ะบะธ ั€ะตัˆะธะปะธ ั€ะฐะทะฒะตัั‚ัŒัั ะปะฐัะบะฐะฝะธะต ะบะธัะพะบ ัะทั‹ั‡ะบะพะผ ะธ ะฟะฐะปัŒั‡ะธะบะฐะผะธ. ะŸะฐั€ะตะฝัŒ ะพั‚ะพะดะฒะธะฝัƒะป ะปัะผะบัƒ ั‚ั€ัƒัะธะบะพะฒ ัะฒะพะน ะฟะพะดั€ัƒะถะบะธ ะฒ ัั‚ะพั€ะพะฝัƒ, ะฐ ะฟะพั‚ะพะผ ะฝะฐั‡ะฐะป ะปะฐัะบะฐั‚ัŒ ะตะต ะบะธัะบัƒ, ะดะตะฒัƒัˆะบะฐ ั‚ะพะถะต ัะดะตะปะฐะปะฐ ัƒะฑะพะนะฝั‹ะน ะผะธะฝะตั‚ ะฟะฐั€ะตะฝัŒะบัƒ, ะฐ ะฟะพั‚ะพะผ ะฟะฐั†ะฐะฝ ะฝะฐั‡ะฐะป ั‚ั€ะฐั…ะฐั‚ัŒ ะบั€ะฐัะฐะฒะธั†ัƒ, ัะฝะฐั‡ะฐะปะฐ ะฒ ะฟะธะทะดะตะฝะบ ะ”ะตะฒะบะฐ ั ั‡ะตั€ะฝั‹ะผะธ ะฒะพะปะพัะฐะผะธ ะฝะฐะถะฐะปะฐ ะฝะฐ ะบะฝะพะฟะบัƒ ะฒะบะปัŽั‡ะตะฝะธั ะทะฐะฟะฐัะธ ะบะฐะผะตั€ัƒ ะฝะฐ ะบะพะผะฟะต ะธ ะทะฐัะฒะตั‚ะธะฒ ะฒัะตะผะธ ัะฒะพะธะผะธ ะฟั€ะตะปะตัั‚ัะผะธ ั‚ะฐะปะฐ ัƒะฑะปะฐะถะฐั‚ัŒัั ะฒะพะธ ะดั‹ั€ะบะธ ะธ ะธะทั€ะตะดะบะฐ ะฟะพัะฐัั‹ะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ะผะฐัั‚ั€ัƒะฑ.
    ะŸะพั€ะฝะพ ั€ะพะปะธะบะธ ะพะฝะปะฐะนะฝ, ะฟะพั€ะฝะพ ะฑะตัะฟะปะฐั‚ะฝะพ, ัะผะพั‚ั€ะตั‚ัŒ ั…ั…ั…, ัะบะฐั‡ะฐั‚ัŒ ั‚ะพะปัŒะบะพ ะปัƒั‡ัˆะตะต ะฟะพั€ะฝะพ, ะฟะพั€ะฝะพ ะพะฝะปะฐะนะฝ ะกั‚ั€ะฐะฝะธั†ะฐ 6 ะฑะตัะฟะปะฐั‚ะฝะพะต ะฟะพั€ะฝะพ ั‚ะตะปะตั„ะพะฝ ะŸะฐั€ะตะฝะตะบ ะดะฐะฒะฝะตะฝัŒะบะพ ัƒั…ะฐะถะธะฒะฐะตั‚ ะทะฐ ะดะฐะผะพะน ะฝะฐ ะผะฝะพะณะพ ัั‚ะฐั€ัˆะต ะตะณะพ, ะฝะต ะฟั€ะพัั‚ะพ ัั‚ะฐั€ัˆะต ะฐ ะพะฝะฐ ะตะผัƒ ะฒ ะผะฐั‚ะตั€ะธ ะณะพะดะธั‚ัั. ะะพ ะธ ัั‚ะพ ะฝะต ะฟะพะผะตัˆะฐะปะพ ะตะผัƒ ัƒัั‚ั€ะพะธั‚ัŒ ััŽั€ะฟั€ะธะท ะดะปั ะปัŽะฑะธะผะพะน ะธ ะฟั€ะธะฒะตะทั‚ะธ ะตะต ะฒ ัะบัะบะปัŽะทะธะฒะฝัƒัŽ ะณะพัั‚ ะ’ ัะฐะผะพะน ะฝะต ะพะฑั‹ะบะฝะพะฒะตะฝะฝะพะน ะฟะพะทะต ะฐ ั‚ะพั‡ะฝะตะต ะฟะพะทะฐั… ัั‚ะฐ ะฟะฐั€ะพั‡ะบะฐ ะปัŽะฑะธั‚ ะพั‚ั‚ัะณะธะฒะฐั‚ัŒัั, ะฝะฐ ั‡ั‚ะพ ะธ ะ’ะฐะผ ัะพะฒะตั‚ัƒะตะผ ะณะปัะฝัƒั‚ัŒ. ะŸะฐั€ะตะฝัŒ ะตะฒั€ะพะฟะตะนัะบะพะณะพ ะฟั€ะพะธัั…ะพะถะดะตะฝะธั ะฟั€ะธะฒะตะป ะฒ ะดะพะผ ัะฒะพัŽ ะฝะพะฒะตะฝัŒะบัƒัŽ ะฟะพะดั€ัƒะถะบัƒ ะธ ะฟะพัะปะต ั‚ะพะณะพ ะบะฐะบ ะฝะฐะธะณั€ะฐะปัั ะฟะฐะปัŒั†ะฐะผะธ ั ะตะต ะฒะฐะณะธะฝะพะน ะพะฝ ะฟั€ะพะฝะธะบ ะฒ ะบะธัะบัƒ ะธ ะดะพัั‚ะฐะฒะธะป ะฟั€ะธัั‚ะฝะพัั‚ะธ ัะตะบัะฐ. ะŸะฐั€ะตะฝัŒ ะทะฐะฝะธะผะฐะตั‚ัั ะปัŽะฑะพะฒัŒัŽ ั ัะตะบััƒะฐะปัŒะฝะพะน ะฑั€ัŽะฝะตั‚ะบะพะน ั ะพะณั€ะพะผะฝั‹ะผะธ ัะธััŒะบะฐะผะธ, ะพะฝะฐ ะดะตะปะฐะตั‚ ะตะผัƒ ะฟะพั‚ั€ััะฐัŽั‰ะธะน ะผะธะฝะตั‚, ะฟะพั‚ะพะผ ัะฐะดะธั‚ัั ะตะผัƒ ะฝะฐ ั‡ะปะตะฝ ะธ ะฝะฐั‡ะธะฝะฐะตั‚ ะฝะฐ ะฝะตะผ ะฟั€ั‹ะณะฐั‚ัŒ, ะฟะพัะปะต ะดะปะธั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะพะณะพ ะฟะธะทะดะฐั‚ะพะณะพ ัะตะบ ะขะฐะบ ะบะฐะบ ัƒ ะดัะดะตะฝัŒะบะธ ัƒะถะต ะฝะต ัั‚ะพะธั‚ ะตะผัƒ ะฟั€ะธัˆะปะพััŒ ัƒะฑะปะฐะถะฐั‚ัŒ ะผะพะปะพะดะตะฝัŒะบัƒัŽ ะดะตะฒะบัƒ ะฟั€ะธ ะฟะพะผะพั‰ะธ ะฟะพััะฐ ั ะฟะปะฐัั‚ะผะฐััะพะฒั‹ะผ ะฟะธััŽะฝะพะผ. ะ•ะต ะบะธัะบะฐ ะฒะตััŒะผะฐ ะฝะฐะผะพะบะปะฐ ะธ ะพั‡ะตะฝัŒ ะทะฐั…ะพั‚ะตะปะฐ ะปะฐัะบ ะธ ะฒั…ะพะถะดะตะฝะธั ะฒ ะฒะฝัƒั‚ั€ัŒ ะตะต, ะฝะฐ ั‡ั‚ะพ ะดะตะฒัƒัˆะบะฐ ะพั‚ะฒะตั‚ะธะปะฐ ะปะฐัะบะพะฒั‹ะผะธ ัั‚ั€ะฐัั‚ัะผะธ ะฟะฐะปัŒั†ะตะฒ. ะŸะพัะปะต ั‚ะพะณะพ ะบะฐะบ ะฟะพ ะพั‡ะตะฝัŒ ะทะฐั€ะพััˆะตะผัƒ ะปะพะฑะบัƒ ัั‚ะฐั€ะพะน ะผะธะปะฐัˆะบะธ ะฟั€ะพัˆะปะฐััŒ ะพัั‚ั€ะฐั ะฑั€ะธั‚ะฒะฐ, ะพะฝะฐ ะฒ ะผะพะผะตะฝั‚ ะฟะพะฝะตัะปะฐ ะฟะพะบะฐะทะฐั‚ัŒ ะตะต ัะฒะพะตะผัƒ ะฟะฐั€ะตะฝัŒะบัƒ, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะฑ ั‚ะพั‚ ะธ ะฟะพะปัŽะฑะพะฒะฐะปัั ะธ ะฟะพั‚ั€ะฐั…ะฐะป.
    ะžะฑะฐัั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะฐั ะผะพะปะพะดะตะฝัŒะบะฐั ะฑะปะพะฝะดะธะฝะบะฐ ะทะฐะฝะธะผะฐะตั‚ัั ะปัŽะฑะพะฒัŒัŽ ั ะฟะฐั€ะฝะตะผ. ะกะฝะฐั‡ะฐะปะฐ ั‚ะตะปะพั‡ะบะฐ ั€ะฐะทะดะตะปะฐััŒ, ะฐ ะทะฐั‚ะตะผ ะพะฝะฐ ะฒะทัะปะฐ ะตะณะพ ะผะพะณัƒั‡ะธะน ะฟะตะฝะธั ะฒ ั€ะพั‚ะธะบ ะธ ะฝะฐั‡ะฐะปะฐ ั ะฝะฐัะปะฐะถะดะตะฝะธะตะผ ะตะณะพ ะพั‚ัะฐัั‹ะฒะฐั‚ัŒ, ะฐ ะฟะพั‚ะพะผ ะฟะฐั€ะฝะธัˆะบะฐ ะฑะตัะฟะปะฐั‚ะฝั‹ะต ะฟะพั€ะฝะพ ั„ะพั‚ะพ ัั‚ะฐั€ั‹ะต ะะต ั‚ะพะปัŒะบะพ ะฟั€ะพัั‚ะธั‚ัƒั‚ะบะธ ะตัั‚ัŒ ะฒ ะฝะฐัˆะตะผ ะฒะตัะตะปะพะผ ะผะธั€ะต ะฝะพ ะธ ะดะพะฑะปะตัั‚ะฝั‹ะต ะฟั€ะพัั‚ะธั‚ัƒั‚ั‹ ั‚ะพะถะต ะธะผะตัŽั‚ัั. ะ’ะพั‚ ะพะดะฝะพะณะพ ะธะท ะฝะธั… ัั‚ะฐ ัะธะผะฟะฐั‚ะธั‡ะฝะฐั ะผะฐะผะฐัˆะฐ ัะฝัะปะฐ ะทะฐ ะพั‡ะตะฝัŒ ะบั€ัƒะฟะฝัƒัŽ ััƒะผะผัƒ, ะบะฐะบ ะพะฝ ะธัะฟะพะปะฝะธะป ัะฒะพัŽ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ัƒ ััƒ ะŸะฐั€ะตะฝัŒ ั ัะธะผะฟะฐั‚ะธั‡ะฝะพะน ะฑะปะพะฝะดะธะฝะบะพะน ั€ะตัˆะธะปะธ ะทะฐะฝัั‚ัŒัั ัะตะบัะพะผ ะฝะฐ ัะฒะตะถะตะผ ะฒะพะทะดัƒั…ะต, ะพะฝะธ ั€ะฐััั‚ะตะปะธะปะธ ัะฟะฐะปัŒะฝะธะบ ะธ ั€ะฐะทะดะตะปะธััŒ. ะ”ะตะฒัƒัˆะบะฐ ัะฝะฐั‡ะฐะปะฐ ัะดะตะปะฐะปะฐ ะฟะฐั€ะฝัŽ ัƒะฑะพะนะฝั‹ะน ะผะธะฝะตั‚, ะฐ ะฟะพั‚ะพะผ ะพะฝ ั…ะพั€ะพัˆะตะฝัŒะบะพ ะตะต ะพั‚ั‚ั€ะฐั…ะฐะป. ะ’ ะตะต ั€ัƒั‡ะพะฝะบะต ั‚ะฐะธั‚ัั ะฝะต ะพะฑั‹ั‡ะฝะฐั ัˆั‚ัƒะบะพะฒะธะฝะฐ ะฟั€ะธ ะฟะพะผะพั‰ะธ ะบะพั‚ะพั€ะพะน ะฝะฐัˆะฐ ะณะตั€ะพะธะฝั ะผะฐัั‚ะตั€ะพะฒะธั‚ะพ ั€ะฐัะฟั€ะฐะฒะปัะตั‚ัั ั ัะฒะพะตะน ะฒะพะณะบะตะฝัŒะบะพะน ะบะธัะบะพะน. ะœะฐะปะตะฝัŒะบัƒัŽ ะฑะตะปะตะฝัŒะบัƒัŽ ั‚ะตะปะพั‡ะบัƒ ะฝะฐัะฐะดะธะปะธ ะฝะฐ ะฑะพะปัŒัˆะพะน ั‡ะตั€ะฝั‹ะน ั…ัƒะน. ะขะฐะบะพะณะพ ะถะตัั‚ะบะฐั‡ะฐ ะฒั‹ ะดะฐะฒะฝะพ ะฝะต ะฒะธะดะตะปะธ. ะœะพะปะพะดะตะฝัŒะบะฐั ะผะฐะผะพั‡ะบะฐ ั ะบะพั€ะพั‚ะบะพะน ัั‚ั€ะธะถะบะพะน ะฟั€ะธะพะฑั€ะตะปะฐ ัั‚ั€ะฐะฟะพะฝะพะฒั‹ะน ั‡ะปะตะฝ ะฒ ัะตะบั ัˆะพะฟะต ะธ ั ะฟะตั€ะฒั‹ั… ะผะธะฝัƒั‚ ะฟะพะบัƒะฟะบะธ ั…ะพั‡ะตั‚ ะดะพัั‚ะฐะฒะธั‚ัŒ ัƒะดะพะฒะพะปัŒัั‚ะฒะธะต ัะฒะพะตะต ะผะพะปะพะดะตะฝัŒะบะพะน ะดะพั‡ัƒั€ะบะต, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ะฐั ัั‚ะฐะปะฐ ั€ะฐะบะพะผ ะธ ัะผะฐะทั‹ะฒะฐะต ะะทะธะฐั‚ะบะธ ะกั‚ั€ะฐะฝะธั†ะฐ 2 ะŸะพั€ะฝะพ ั€ะพะปะธะบะธ ะพะฝะปะฐะนะฝ, ะฟะพั€ะฝะพ ะฑะตัะฟะปะฐั‚ะฝะพ, ัะผะพั‚ั€ะตั‚ัŒ ั…ั…ั…, ัะบะฐั‡ะฐั‚ัŒ ั‚ะพะปัŒะบะพ ะปัƒั‡ัˆะตะต ะฟะพั€ะฝะพ, ะฟะพั€ะฝะพ ะพะฝะปะฐะนะฝ ะกะตะบััƒะฐะปัŒะฝะฐั ัŽะฝะฐั ะฑั€ัŽะฝะตั‚ะบะฐ ั‚ั€ะฐั…ะฐะตั‚ัั ั ะผัƒะถะธะบะพะผ. ะกะฝะฐั‡ะฐะปะฐ ะบั€ะฐัะพั‚ะบะฐ ะฒะทัะปะฐ ะผะพะณัƒั‡ะธะน ั‡ะปะตะฝ ะฒ ั€ะพั‚ะธะบ ะธ ะฟั€ะธะฝัะปะฐััŒ ั ะฝะฐัะปะฐะถะดะตะฝะธะตะผ ะตะณะพ ะพั‚ัะฐัั‹ะฒะฐั‚ัŒ. ะ ะฟะพัะปะต ัƒะฑะพะนะฝะพะณะพ ะผะธะฝะตั‚ะฐ ะถะตั€ะตะฑะตั† ะฝะฐะณะฝัƒะป ะดะตะฒะพั‡ะบัƒ ั€ะฐะบะพะผ ะธ ะพ
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